Three Ladies of the Night

Have you ever seen an asteroid? These bodies, though small in size, are very numerous, but very few amateur astronomers have ever seen one. The next couple of weeks give an opportunity to view three asteroids in one night: Flora, Juno, and Iris.

The next couple of weeks provide a great opportunity to track down three of the brightest asteroids. Image Credit: Starry Night software

These asteroids were among the first eight to be discovered. Juno was the third asteroid discovered, in 1804, very soon after Ceres in 1801 and Pallas in 1802. It was discovered by German astronomer Karl Ludwig Harding, and named after Juno, the highest of the Roman goddesses.

At present Juno is located in the western part of the constellation Aquarius, and is about magnitude 8.6. It is too faint to be seen with the unaided eye, but can be easily seen in binoculars or a small telescope. In amateur telescopes it is too small to look any different than a star, hence the name "asteroid" meaning "star-like."

The first asteroids were discovered quite by accident. In 1846, British astronomer John Russell Hind decided to change that by beginning a systematic effort to search for asteroids using the newly published Berlin star maps. He plotted objects along the ecliptic, adding stars that were too faint to be on the maps, and looking for any star that seemed to move. He was rewarded the next year by his discovery of two new asteroids, Iris on August 13 and Flora on October 18.

Iris is named after the Greek goddess of the rainbow and Flora after the Roman goddess of flowers. Juno is the largest of the three, 145 miles (233 km.) in diameter, and Flora the smallest at 80 miles (128 km.), with Iris in between at 125 miles (200 km.) As you can see, they are all quite tiny bodies. Juno has been photographed by the Hooker Telescope at Mount Wilson, and is a rough potato shape with a very large crater on its surface.

Image Credit: Hooker Telescope at Mount Wilson

Currently Iris is in central Aquarius at magnitude 7.6, making it the brightest of the three, and Flora is in Sagittarius at magnitude 8.6. Iris is just south of the globular cluster Messier 2, Juno just north of Messiers 72 and 73, and Flora just west of globular cluster Messier 75.

If you want to replicate the methods used by these early 19th century astronomers, you could plot the "stars" in the neighborhoods indicated on successive nights, and then look for the ones that move. Or you could use the more modern approach of printing finder charts using a modern planetarium program on your computer. All three are moving slowly westward, from left to right for observers in the northern hemisphere.

It’s really quite remarkable that we can see these tiny chunks of rock, farther away than Mars, with ordinary binoculars. Don’t miss this chance.

Spot Mercury at Dawn

Most skygazers have never seen the planet Mercury because it never strays very far from the sun. This week is one of the rare opportunities to catch Mercury just before sunrise.

On the morning of Tuesday July 30, Mercury will be at its furthest from the sun, just under Jupiter and Mars. Credit: Starry Night software

Two things about Mercury make it a tough target. First and foremost, it never strays far from the sun because of its location in the inner solar system. It is always observed against a bright twilight sky, either half an hour after sunset or half an hour before sunrise, and always low in the sky.

Secondly, it is a tiny object. Now that Pluto has been demoted to "dwarf planet" status, Mercury, at 1550 miles (2440 km.) in diameter, is the smallest of the eight planets, 38 percent of Earth's diameter.

The challenge in observing Mercury is to find a tiny speck of light, low in the sky, against bright wilight. This week offers one of the rare opportunities when conditions are at their best.

Mercury will be farthest from the sun in our sky on July 30. The weeks just before and after this date are equally favourable.

The best time will be about 40 minutes before sunrise, a balance between Mercury's altitude above the horizon and the brightness of twilight. Scanning the sky with binoculars will help to spot the tiny speck of light. Once spotted in binoculars, you should just be able to see Mercury with the unaided eye.

Because of Mercury's low altitude, a low cloudless eastern horizon is necessary. The task is made easier by the presence of two much brighter planets in the dawn sky, Jupiter and Mars. Mercury will be below and to the left of these two objects.

Once you spot Mercury, locate it relative to landmarks on your horizon, and see how high you can follow it as it rises and the sky becomes brighter. If you have a telescope, this task becomes easier.

Seen in a telescope, Mercury will look like a tiny gibbous moon. As it rises higher in the sky, it will clear the turbulence, and the view will improve.

Congratulations...you have succeeded in observing one of the most elusive objects in the sky. It is said that the great 16th century astronomer Johannes Kepler never managed to see Mercury.

More Close Encounters

This month is full of encounters between astronomical objects. Last week we had the Moon and Spica in Virgo in the evening, and Mars and Messier 35 in Gemini in the morning, and this week we have Venus and Regulus in Leo in the evening, and Mars and Jupiter in Gemini in the morning.

On the night of Sunday July 21, the planet Venus passes just north of the bright star Regulus in Leo in the western sky just after sunset.  Credit: Starry Night software

Although Regulus is one of the brightest stars in the sky, Venus is far brighter, and will be by far the easier to see. Once you spot Venus, look below and to its left to spot Regulus. If you’re south of the equator, Regulus will be above and to the left of Venus.

Later that night, an hour before dawn, look in the northeastern sky to see Jupiter and Mars rise together. Jupiter will be the brighter of the two, with reddish Mars above and to its left. If you’re in the southern hemisphere, Mars will be below and to the left of Jupiter.

Later that night, an hour before sunrise, the planet Mars passes Jupiter.  Credit: Starry Night software

If you have access to a telescope, these twin planets will make an interesting sight. Jupiter will be accompanied by its four bright moons, Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto. What will be most noticeable is the tremendous difference in size between the two planets. Both are on the far side of the Sun, but still Mars is much closer than Jupiter. Even so, Jupiter will appear more than eight times larger in diameter than Mars.

The planets move relatively slowly as compared to the moon, so that, if you miss these events on Sunday night and Monday morning, try again the following night and morning, and these encounters will still be close enough to be fascinating.

The Milky Way Galaxy

When people ask me what I do, I tell them I study galaxy mergers and evolution. Sometimes they will nod, smile and listen for awhile, and then more often than not, the question will come:  "What exactly is a galaxy?".  I then realize that most people are never taught in school what a galaxy is, and I certainly wasn't before I went to study astronomy at university.  If you are lucky enough to be under a dark, clear sky on a summers night, understanding what a galaxy is becomes so much easier!  (or alternatively, fire up Starry Night at home :) ).

We live within a fairly large spiral disk galaxy, about two thirds from the centre, in one of its spiral arms. During the summer, a faint cloud-like band, known as the Milky Way, arches across the night sky.  If you were in space, far above the Earth, you would see that this band of light actually goes all the way around the sky, forming a great circle around us.  This is because we are inside of the disk of the Milky Way, and the band of light is actually composed of parts of the galaxy which are very far away.  With a telescope, you can see that the Milky Way is composed of millions of individual stars, but to the unaided eye, they all blur together to form a cloud.  You might notice that there are gaps and dark spots in the Milky way.  These are actually massive clouds of gas and dust which block the light from the stars beyond them.

Most of the stars we see in the sky are part of the spiral arm our solar system is located in, known as the Orion arm.  The stars you can see with your naked eyes are like houses in our neighbourhood, while the stars in the other arms are like distant parts of a massive city.  The centre of the Milky Way galaxy is located in the direction of Sagittarius, where a super massive black hole lives.  That black hole is the centre of our galaxy, with all the stars orbiting around it, just like our Sun is the centre of our solar system with the planets orbiting around it, but on a much, much larger scale.  What is a black hole you ask?  We'll look at that in my next post!  For now, make sure you find the time this summer to get out of the city, to a place free from light pollution, and enjoy the view from Earth of our amazing galaxy, the Milky Way!

Close Encounters in the July Sky

If you only glance at the sky now and then, you may think it's pretty much the same every night. Regular sky watchers know better, and are aware of the constant changes the sky undergoes.

On the night of Monday July 15, the first quarter moon sails just north of the bright star Spica in Virgo.  Credit: Starry Night software

Take the moon, for example. Although most people know that the moon revolves around the Earth, they may never have noticed this movement with their own eyes. This week we get a chance to do exactly that.

The problem is that much of the time the moon is in an open reach of sky, and there are no fixed points to mark its movement. This week it passes close to the bright star Spica and the planet Saturn in the constellation Virgo.

On Sunday night, July 14, the moon will be well to the right of Spica (in the northern hemisphere...reverse left and right if you're south of the equator) in the evening sky.

On Monday night, July 15, the moon will be immediately above Spica. In fact, if you live in Central America or Africa, the moon will pass right in front of Spica, in what is called a lunar occultation.

On Tuesday night, July 16, the moon will have moved well to the left of the moon, and will be just below the planet Saturn.

On Wednesday night, July 17, the moon will be well to the left of Saturn.

Let's go back to Monday night, when the moon is closest to Spica. This will not be the only astronomical encounter this night. Stay up until the wee hours of the morning, and you'll see Mars and Jupiter rise an hour before sunrise. If you look at Mars in binoculars or a small telescope, you will see that it is close to one of the brightest star clusters in the sky, Messier 35 in Gemini.

Later that night, an hour before sunrise, the planet Mars passes the open cluster Messier 35 in Gemini. Jupiter is approaching from the east.  Credit: Starry Night software

Now we will see how the planets move as well. Because they are farther away, they seem to move much more slowly than the moon. A few months ago we were watching Mars and Jupiter fade into evening twilight as they moved behind the sun. Now they have emerged into morning twilight to begin their next apparition in our night sky. If you're an early riser, keep an eye on them over the next couple of weeks as they approach each other, pass on the morning of July 22, and then draw apart again.

Venus and the Beehive

On the night of Wednesday July 3, the planet Venus will have an interesting encounter with a swarm of bees.


On the evening of Wednesday July 3, Venus skims just north of the Beehive star cluster. Credit: Starry Night software

Venus has only recently emerged from behind the Sun, so you may not have seen it yet as an “evening star.” Venus is of course a planet, which shines by light reflected from the sun, and not a star, a huge ball of glowing plasma in the far reaches of space. To the naked eye, stars and planets look the same, so ancient astronomers called them all “stars.”

The ancients did note that some “stars” appeared to move, so gave them a special name, “planets,” which means “wandering stars.” In particular they noticed that two especially bright planets never wandered very far from the sun. At first they thought these were two different objects, one in the morning sky, one in the evening, but at some point realized that these were really aspects of the same object, which they named “Venus.” The next step was the realization that Venus’ movements could be explained by a body revolving in a circle around the sun, peeking out first on one side, then the other.

Venus is still quite close to the sun in the sky, so you will need a low western horizon to catch a glimpse of it as it sets about an hour and a half after the sun. On Wednesday night, use your binoculars to follow it down as it gets closer to the horizon. If you’re lucky, you may catch a glimmer of hundreds of tiny stars just below it.

These stars are members of one of the closest star clusters to our sun, the Beehive Cluster in the constellation Cancer. This cluster is located 590 light years from the sun, only the Hyades and the Pleiades being closer. It contains just over a thousand stars, of which about 300 are similar to our sun. At least two of the stars in the cluster have planets, and we can only imagine how glorious the night sky must be on a planet situated in the middle of a star cluster. In fact, Isaac Asimov has written a famous science fiction story, “Nightfall,” set on such a planet.

Because it is readily visible in a dark sky with the unaided eye, the Beehive Cluster is known by different names in different cultures. Its resemblance to a swarm of bees has given it the name “the Beehive.” It has also been called “Praesepe,” Latin for “manger.” It is seen as a hay-filled manger surrounded by asses waiting to eat. The nearest stars to it are named Asellus Borealis and Asellus Australis, the Northern Ass and the Southern Ass. Astronomers know it as Messier 44, the 44th object in Charles Messier’s famous catalog.

Although the Beehive is easily visible with the naked eye in a dark sky, seeing it tonight will be a challenge. Venus is only visible close to sunset, and the sky will not be completely dark and hour and a half later when Venus sets. Besides observing from a location with a low western horizon, use binoculars to follow Venus down towards the horizon. Venus itself should be easy to see, as it’s the brightest object in the night sky after the moon, but the stars of the Beehive will be difficult without binoculars.

Your favourite space mission

One of my favourite features of Starry Night is its large database of space mission data. Sometimes I just like to position myself near Cassini spacecraft and replay its visually stunning passage through Saturn's rings. The view is breathtaking and the idea that humans have actually built a spacecraft which has done this exact thing is mind boggling.

Other times I look at the entire space mission path of Voyager missions, admiring the engineering and planning marvel that led to well used gravitational slingshots. A simple curved line becomes exciting when you put it in its proper context.

Yet, these space missions, almost entirely forgotten, still give us valuable insight about what lies in unfamiliar regions of the solar system. The latest information coming from Voyager 1, currently the furthest man-made object, presents some new questions about the edge of the solar system and the effects playing out there.

What is your favourite space mission? Do you use Starry Night to replay it? How can we make the experience more enjoyable or the information more readily available?

Cassini doing what it does best

MOOCs

I'm a big fan of Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs). I think they'll ultimately revolutionize the way that Universities operate, and they're certainly making them rethink things already.

I've tried my hand at a few for fun, review and professional development (See: Khan Academy, Coursera and many more), but haven't tied any relating to astronomy. Have you? Have you found a good one?

What about amateur astronomy? Could it reliably be taught by video, or is there just no substitute for getting out there and doing it yourself?

Scorpius and its Stingers

Most of the constellations seem pretty much random arrangements of stars to modern eyes. Scorpius is one of the few which actually resembles its namesake, the Scorpion.

For observers in the Northern Hemisphere, the constellation Scorpius appears low in the southern sky on warm June evenings.   Credit: Starry Night software

As seen by observers in the Northern Hemisphere, Scorpius appears like a giant scorpion peeking over our southern horizon. With a fairly small body, marked by the red giant star Antares, the scorpion has three stars in front representing its claws, and a long curving tail behind, ending in two bright stars marking its stinger. If you live in Canada or the northern USA, part its tail will be below the horizon, but more southern observers will see the whole beast.

Antares (Alpha Scorpii) is one of the brightest stars in the sky, and one of the few with an obvious red color. This color reminded ancient observers of the red planet Mars, hence its name, which means “not Mars,” Ares being the Greek for Mars. In large amateur telescopes, this red giant is seen to have a tiny companion star. Because of the primary star’s vivid red color, the companion often appears greenish, which is an optical illusion, since there are no green stars.

Of the stars making up the Scorpion’s claws, Graffias (Beta Scorpii) and Nu Scorpii are both double stars. Both are easily split in even the smallest telescope. The stars in Graffias are relatively close, 14 arc seconds apart, while those in Nu Scorpii are much farther apart, 41 arc seconds, visible in binoculars. Both pairs are quite unequal in brightness, about 2 magnitudes difference between the two stars.

The stinger at the end of the scorpion’s tail consists of two stars, Shaula and Lesath. These appear as a double star to the naked eye, sometimes called the “Cat’s Eyes.” They point to one of the brightest and most beautiful open star clusters in the sky, Messier 7. This was first described by Claudius Ptolemy in the 2nd century AD, so sometimes is known as “Ptolemy’s Cluster.” Just above this cluster is another one, equally bright and beautiful, known as Messier 6 or the “Butterfly Cluster.” Both are visible to the naked eye, but reveal their true beauty in binoculars or a small telescope.

Just above these clusters, and just over the border in the constellation Sagittarius, is the black hole at the center of our Milky Way Galaxy. The black hole itself is of course invisible, but the area is rich in stars.

Moving back up to Antares, if you look just below it with binoculars, you will see a fuzzy patch. In a moderate sized amateur telescope this resolves into one of the finest globular clusters in the sky, known as Messier 4 or the “Cat’s Eye.” Yes, it’s confusing to have two “Cat’s Eyes” in the same constellation, but one a pair of stars and the other a globular cluster.

About half way between Antares and Graffias is another smaller globular cluster, Messier 80, also a fine sight in a telescope.

Scorpius thus offers many treats to any stargazer, whether equipped with binoculars, a telescope, or nothing but their own eyes.

Supermoon

My kids are really excited to go camping this weekend.  Not because of the birds and animals, plants and trees, the rocks, the beautiful lake, the different sounds, dad’s barbeque or the activities we have planned.  Instead they are full of anticipation for this Sunday’s “supermoon”.  

I told them about the supermoon last week while casually checking out the moon with the naked eye.  The name brought on curious looks of suspicion – is dad pulling our leg? I mean you put anything with a “super” in front of a word and kids will think its some type of character with superhuman powers.  After reassuring my 3 year old that the supermoon was indeed a “good guy”, I tried to explain that the supermoon was simply the largest full moon of the year.  

For us older folk, a supermoon is a full moon that occurs at the same time the moon is at perigee (point closest to Earth in it’s orbit).  At these times the moon can appear up to 30% brighter and 14 percent bigger to us here on Earth. Sunday’s supermoon will be the largest full moon of 2013. 

Take a moment to share the supermoon with others this Sunday and If you take any photos - cape and all  – we’d love to see them!

First Day of Summer

The summer solstice begins today (June 20) for places west of the Central Time Zone in North America and tomorrow (June 21) for places in the Eastern Time Zone.  You can use Starry Night to figure out the exact time of the solstice at your location.

Here is a question. Why isn’t the summer solstice, the longest day of the year, also the hottest day of the year?

Mercury and the Solstice

The last few weeks have provided an unusually fine opportunity for skygazers to spot the elusive planet Mercury because it has been in close proximity to brilliant Venus, and, earlier, Jupiter as well.

On the evening of Thursday June 20, Mercury reaches its maximum elongation east of the sun, placing it directly below brilliant Venus in the evening twilight sky.  Credit: Starry Night software

This opportunity is now coming to a close as Mercury passes its maximum elongation from the sun on Thursday June 20 and begins its rapid drop towards the horizon, passing between us and the sun on July 9. For the next few nights, Mercury will be a tiny speck just below Venus. It is closest on June 20, slightly less than two degrees away, but will also be very close one night earlier or later.

The best time to see Mercury is about half an hour after local sunset. Any earlier, and it will be lost in the sky’s glare; much later and it will be too low to make out. It is most easily spotted with binoculars, but once you’ve located it, it should be relatively easy to see naked eye.

This week also marks the solstice, on Friday June 21 at 1:04 a.m. EDT. The sun reaches its most northern declination, marking the middle of summer in the northern hemisphere and the middle of winter in the southern hemisphere.

Because the sun is as far north as it can get, it is above the horizon in the northern hemisphere as long as is possible. Also, at local noon, it is as high in the sky as it can get. These two factors bring the maximum solar heating possible.

In the southern hemisphere, the opposite is true. The day is as short as it can get, and the sun is low in the northern sky, giving little warmth.

If June 21 is the “midsummer” or “midwinter” day, why is it that we always think of the seasons as beginning on this day? It’s because it takes time for the sun to have its effect, causing the seasons to lag behind the sun, so that the hottest days of summer (or the coldest days of winter) are usually a month or two after the solstice.

The solstices have always been important dates for humans. Most calendars mark the beginning of the year close to the winter solstice. Determining the exact date of the solstice was important to fix the calendar, and structures like Stonehenge in England were built to make accurate measurements of the sun’s rising and setting points.

Windowed or Fullscreen?

As a developer, I find myself with multiple applications, windows and tabs open on multiple monitors at any given moment. My workflow is that of a typical developer, I think, but probably not that of a typical Starry Night user.

When working on, or simply using Starry Night, I often find myself wondering whether people make use of fullscreen mode, and whether we could provide them a better experience by improving it.

It's not a (typical) productivity application, but neither does it demands the users constant focus, as a game would.

With the emergence of tablets as the dominant (or at the very least, growth) platform, users might expect a more robust full-screen mode.

How do you use Starry Night? Windowed? Fullscreen? If so, when and why?

Sometimes you've got stuff to do, but other times it's just nice to block out everything else, and stare at the sky

Seeing the Southern Cross from Tulum

I had an amazingly satisfying SN related experience recently: I was down in Tulum Mexico. My friend had, for reasons that I still do not understand, brought his laptop to this totally off the grid palapa / hut on the beach.  

We fired up Starry Night and were able to verify that what I was seeing low on the southern horizon was actually the Southern Cross! It was my first time ever seeing this super-cool asterism.

And I was able to see both the cross and Polaris at the same time, which freaked me out - I would think you couldn't do that. But I guess the Southern Cross is not really at the South Pole -- it circles it widely enough that we could see it even though we were still at 20 degrees north.  As Starry Night showed us quite clearly.

Anyway, it turned out to be very cool to have a planetarium program at the beach, and now I am thinking about which small scope might make sense to bring next time.

Awesome.

A Perfect Trifecta

On Monday evening, June 17, the moon will be 9 days old and just to the right of Spica. On Tuesday evening, it will have moved to a position between the two, as shown in the graphic. By Wednesday night it will be off to Saturn’s left, 11 days old.

Saturn and Spica have been making an attractive pair in the evening sky. On Tuesday June 18 they will be joined by the waxing gibbous moon, making an astronomical trifecta.  Starry Night software

To skywatchers without a telescope, watching the moon move past Spica and Saturn over three successive nights will bring a vivid demonstration of how rapidly our moon circles the Earth.

If you own a telescope, there is much to be revealed. On the moon, the rising sun illuminates the craters Plato (in the north), Copernicus (in the center), and Tycho and Clavius (in the south). Clavius is one of the largest craters on the surface of the moon, and it’s always a challenge to observers to see how many craterlets they can count within its walls.

Moving your telescope onto Saturn, you are always guaranteed a treat with its tiny perfect rings. But if you look on Tuesday night, look beyond the rings to Saturn’s moons, several of which are readily visible in small telescopes

Saturn’s brightest moon Titan, the only moon in the solar system large enough to have a  substantial atmosphere, can be seen in any telescope. On Tuesday night it will be at its maximum elongation eastward from the planet. Between Titan and the rings look for Tethys, visible in a 90mm telescope. South of Saturn is Rhea, its second brightest moon. Dione is immediately north of Saturn.

On the night of Tuesday June 18, Saturn’s moons are particularly well placed.  Credit: Starry Night software.

The special treat tonight is located a bit further north of Saturn beyond Dione: its most unusual moon Iapetus. As you can see in the graphic, the inner moons all move in orbits in the same plane as the rings, right above Saturn’s equator. Iapetus moves in a completely different orbit, tilted strongly with respect to Saturn’s equator. This often takes Iapetus far from Saturn, but tonight it is passing just north of Saturn, and so is much closer and easier to spot than usual. Iapetus is a bit fainter than the other moons, so may require a 150mm telescope.

Look beyond the moon and Saturn for other telescopic treats in Virgo, such as the close double star Porrima (Gamma Virginis) to Spica’s right. The countless galaxies in Virgo will have to wait a week until the moon gets out of this part of the sky.

Mercury at the Max

This week continues to be an excellent opportunity to observe the elusive planet Mercury.  Why is Mercury so hard to observe? After all, it is one of the brightest objects in the sky?

On Wednesday June 12, Mercury will be at its maximum elongation from the Sun. A crescent Moon and brilliant Venus will frame it, making it particularly easy to see.  Credit: Starry Night software.

The problem with Mercury is that it never gets very far from the sun. It is the closest planet to the sun, and rarely strays very far away, so most of the time its tiny speck of light is lost in the scattered light surrounding the sun.

Astronomers eagerly await the date when Mercury is at its farthest from the sun, called “greatest elongation.” During the current apparition of Mercury, greatest elongation occurs on Wednesday June 12. On that date, Mercury will be 24 degrees away from the sun.

There is an added difficulty with the current apparition of Mercury for observers in the northern hemisphere. The current angle of the ecliptic, the path of the sun and planets in the sky, puts it very close to the horizon, so that planets like Mercury and Venus, both currently to the east of the sun, never get very high above the horizon.

The good news is that Venus has recently emerged from behind the sun, and now provides a brilliant beacon pointing the way to Mercury.

The trick for finding Mercury is first to find Venus. At a location with a low western horizon, you should be able to spot Venus a few minutes after the sun sets, around 9 p.m. in most locations. Look for Venus slightly north of due west, low on the horizon. Mercury will be just above and to the left of Venus if you’re in the northern hemisphere. I find binoculars very helpful for spotting Mercury, the 7x50 and 10x50 size being especially useful. Focus the binoculars on Venus, then scan above and to its left for Mercury. Don’t wait too late, as Mercury and Venus set quite quickly after the sun.

On Monday June 10, the thin crescent moon will join Mercury and Venus, and the three will form interesting patterns for the next few nights.

In the southern hemisphere, look for Mercury above and to the right of Venus. Because of the angle of the ecliptic, the planets will be much higher in the twilight sky than in the northern hemisphere.

Some of you may be wondering why, if Mercury is the closest planet to the sun, it currently appears farther from the sun in the sky. That’s because of the positions of Mercury and Venus in their respective orbits. On June 12 Mercury is at its maximum elongation from the sun, 24 degrees, while Venus is still far away on the far side of the sun. It won’t reach its maximum elongation from the sun, 47 degrees, until November 1, by which time Mercury will be on the other side of the sun, in the morning sky.